Our results could imply that, in some patients, immune activation is triggered by microbial translocation, in some by cell death and in some by HMGB1 in complex with bacterial products through activation of the MD2/TLR4-pathway..     ///    "Furthermore, plasma levels of HMGB1 and MD2 were correlated directly within the HIV-infected cohort (r?=?0.89, P?<?0.001) and the IBD-cohort (r?=?0.85, P?<?0.001), implying HMGB1 signalling through the MD2/TLR4-pathway. "